Providing cardiovascular benefits with safe diabetes therapy

is probably the most prevalent risk factor in cardiac ICU patients [11]. This led to more intensive treatment regimens aiming to approach nearnormal glycemia. As mentioned above, these studies failed to demonstrate CVD prevention, and in one case even found a harmful effect [2–4]. Interestingly, similar findings were found in nondiabetic hyperglycemic patients in the setting of ICUs. Hyperglycemia in this situation is also related to worse outcomes [12]. Studies conducted to correct the hyper glycemia in the ICU showed improved outcome [13,14]. When the glucose target was lowered to a ‘normal’ level, however, increased mortality was recently reported [15].